Н.Доржсүрэн: Манайд дрон ашиглах тухай нарийвчилсан хууль хэрэгтэй DNN.mn

Монгол Улсад ашиглагдаж байгаа дронуудын стандарт, тэдгээрийг ямар дүрэм журмын дагуу ашиглах тухай Монгол Улсын зөвлөх инженер Н.Доржсүрэнтэй ярилцлаа.

-Дроны хөгжил ямар түвшинд явж байна вэ?

-Дрон бол аж үйлдвэрийн IV хувьсгалын нэг тод жишээ. Дэлхийн нэгдүгээр дайны үед 1917 онд Англичууд анх удаа нисгэгчгүйгээр онгоцыг алсаас нисгэх туршилтыг хийсэн. Дроны хөгжил түүнээс хойш тогтвортой явагдаж 1990-2000-аад онуудад нийтийн хэрэглээнд нэвтэрч эхэлсэн. Өнөө үед АНУ-ын өндөр хүчин чадалтай, довтолгооны зориулалттай, шингэн түлш ашигладаг, алсын зайнаас удирдах чадвартай цэрэг тагнуулын дронууд хүртэл бий болсон. Тэдгээрийг хиймэл дагуулын холбоогоор дамжуулаад дэлхий хаанаас ч удирдах боломжтой. Мөн энгийн удирдлагатай дронууд бидний өдөр тутмын амьдралд ч хэрэглээ болсон байна. Тусгай зориулалтаар ашиглахаас гадна чөлөөт цагаа өнгөрүүлэх арга хэрэгсэл болон өргөн хүрээнд тархаж байна.

-Манай оронд дроныг зөв зүйтэй ашиглаж байна уу?

-Аливаа шинэ технологи сайн муу талтай байдаг. Хүн төрөлхтөнд ашиг тусаа өгөх боловч эргүүлээд ямар нэг байдлаар муугаар ашигладаг

луудаас хэрхэн яаж өөрсдийгөө хамгаалах вэ гэдэг асуудал хөндөгдөж байна.Дроны ашигтай тал их бий. Дрон бий болсноор агаараас зураг авах илүү хямд, амархан болсон байна шүү дээ. Алсаас тандалт, судалгаа хийх, алсын зайнд хүргэлт хийх, өндөр байгууламж, барилгууд дээрх нөхцөл байдлын хяналт, шалгалтыг хийх хялбар болж байна. Тухайлбал Хөдөө, аж ахуйн салбар өргөн хэмжээний талбайд дрон ашиглаж хяналт хийх, бордоо, ургамал хамгаалах бодис цацах, мөн цахилгаан эрчим хүчний өндөр шугамын орой дээр заавал хүн гарах шаардлагагүйгээр тухайн багананд гэмтэл үүсэх эрсдэл бий эсэхийг харах зэрэг олон боломжуудтай болсон байна. Ашигтай талыг дурдвал маш олон жишээнүүд байна.

-Дроны ямар сөрөг талуудаас сэргийлэх вэ?

-Сөрөг талын гол жишээ бол хууль бус ажиглалт, тандалт хийх юм. Таныг хэн ч, хэзээ ч дроноор дамжуулан харах боломжтой болж байна. Хувь хүний аливаа байгууллагын орон зайд халдах, тагнан туршихад өндөр хүчин чадалтай камераар тоноглогдсон дрон ашиглагдах боломжтой. Түүнчлэн дронууд килограммаар ч хэмжигдэх даацтай болсон тул хориотой бараа болон хар тамхийг хил дамнуулан тээвэрлэх эрсдэлтэй. Очих цэгийг нь тохируулаад өгчихвөл дрон аваачаад өгчихөж байна. Мөн агаарын зайд нислэг үйлдэж буй агаарын хөлөг, түүний аюулгүй байдалд дрон ашиглаж сөрөг нөлөө, халдлага үзүүлж болзошгүй юм. Иймээс Олон улсын иргэний нисэхийн байгууллагаас үүн дээр онцгой анхаардаг бөгөөд өндөр түвшинд сэргийлэх арга хэмжээ авахыг зөвлөдөг. Дроныг ашиглаж бусдын эрүүл мэнд, амь насанд халдах оролдлогууд олон улсад гарсан жишээнүүд байдаг. Ийм төрлийн халдлага гарахаас урьдчилан сэргийлэх хэрэгцээ, таслан зогсоох шаардлага тулгарч байна.

-Монгол Улсад дрон ашиглах тухай хууль, эрх зүйн зохицуулалт бий юү?

-Манайд огт хууль эрх зүйн зохицуулалт байхгүй гэдэг нь өрөөсгөл ойлголт. Манай улсын Иргэний нисэхийн дүрмийн 101 буюу Хүнгүйагаарын хөлөг, пуужин, жиро-глайдер болон парасэйлийн үйл ажиллагааны дүрэм зохицуулагдах боломжтой. Манайд дрон ашиглах тухай нарийвчилсан хууль хэрэгтэй. Цаашид дронуудыг бүртгэлжүүлэх шаардлагатай. Гэхдээ ямар үзүүлэлтээс дээших техникийн чадамж бүхий дронуудыг бүртгэх вэ гэдгээ сайн тодорхой болгох. Ямар хэмжээний ачаа зөөх чадвартай, хэр хол, хэр өндөрт нисэх, хөдөлгүүрийн хүчин чадал, ажиллах цаг гэх мэт үзүүлэлтүүдийг нарийвчлан авч үзэж, тодорхой босго тогтоогоод үүнээс дээшихийг заавал бүртгэлжүүлнэ. Удирдан ажиллуулах нисгэгчийг богино сургалтад хамруулна гэх мэт тавигдах шаардлагуудыг тодорхой болгох хэрэгтэй. Иргэний нисэхийн дүрмээр иргэний нисэхийн хяналттай, хяналтгүй агаарын зай, ерөнхий зориулалтын агаарын зай, хориотой бүс, аюултай бүс, улсын нислэгийн агаарын зай гэх мэтээр тодорхойлж өгсөн байдаг. Тийм ч учраас хяналттай орон зайд дроныг нэвтрүүлэхгүйн тулд дрон үйлдвэрлэгчдийн дроны өгөгдлийн санд эдгээр бүсийг суулгаж өгсөн байдаг. Тухайлбал, албан ёсны дрон үйлдвэрлэгчийн ямар ч дрон нисэх буудлын нислэгийн талбай орчимд хөөрөхгүй байх ёстой.

-Хэрхэн дроноос хамгаалах вэ?

-Дроноос хамгаалахын тулд түүний ажиллагааны онцлогийг харгалзан үзэх нь зөв. Дрон болон дроны удирдлага хоёрын хооронд цахилгаан соронзон долгионоор удирдлагын холбоо явагддаг.Тэгэхээр дроныг идэвхгүй болгох, устгах гэж байгаа бол удирдлагын дохионд нөлөөлөх хэмжээний багажтай байх хэрэгтэй. Түүнийг дроны эсрэг буу ч гэж нэрлэдэг. Дронтой тэмцэх хатуу, зөөлөн хэмээх үндсэн арга бий. Хатуу арга нь зориулалтын тортой сумаар буудах, чулуу шидэх, сургасан бүргэдээр дроныг барьдаг газар ч байна. Илүү хүчтэй, хурдтай дронд тор дүүжилж байгаад барьж авах арга ч бий.

-Зөөлөн хүчний арга нь ямар арга вэ?

-Харин зөөлөн хүчний арга нь радио давтамжид нөлөөлөх. Дроны эсрэг буу нь урд хэсэгтээ урагшаа чиглэсэн антеннтай байдаг. Тэр буу нь дроны удирдлагын дохиог саатуулагч радио давтамжтай долгионоор бууддаг. Тиймээс дрон удирдлагагүй болоод шууд газар унана. Удирдаж байгаа хүн ч удирдах боломжгүй болно.

Дараагийн арга нь дроныг өөрийн байршлаа тогтоох боломжгүй болгох юм. Гар утас бүрт GPS гэж хэлж заншсан, эсвэл байршил тодорхойлогч хиймэл дагуулын навигацийн дохионы хүлээн авагч байдагтай адилхан дронд мөн бий. Энгийн үгээр дроныг идэвхгүй болгох өөр нэг арга бол төөрүүлэх юм.Дээрхтэй адилхан буугаар дроны байршил тогтоох хүлээн авагчийг хиймэл дагуулын навигацийн дохиог хүлээн авах боломжгүй болгоно. Түүгээр буудсаны улмаас дрон орон зайн баримжаагүй болж идэвхгүй болдог, осолддог.

Мөн онцгой объектод шаардлагатай бол хамгаалалтын радио тор үүсгэгч хамгаалалтын системийг суурилуулж болно. Энэ нь хяна, илрүүл, хамгаал буюу устга гэсэн зарчмаар ажилладаг төхөөрөмжүүдийн нэгдэл юм. Дроны удирдлагад түгээмэл ашигладаг радио давтамжуудыг байнга хянах, дрон илрүүлэгч радар ажиллуулах, илэрсэн үед радио дамтамжуудыг саатуулж, дроныг ажиллагаагүй болгох зориулалттай цогц систем байдаг.

Түүнчлэн бидэнд дроноос хамгаалах систем чухал шаардлагатай боллоо.

Н.Нарванчин

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